The USA’s Littoral Combat Ships. Austal Team. Trimaran LCS Design(click to enlarge)Exploit simplicity, numbers, the pace of technology development in electronics and robotics, and fast reconfiguration. That was the US Navy’s idea for the low- end backbone of its future surface combatant fleet. Inspired by successful experiments like Denmark’s Standard Flex ships, the US Navy’s $3. Littoral Combat Ship” program was intended to create a new generation of affordable surface combatants that could operate in dangerous shallow and near- shore environments, while remaining affordable and capable throughout their lifetimes. It hasn’t worked that way. In practice, the Navy hasn’t been able to reconcile what they wanted with the capabilities needed to perform primary naval missions, or with what could be delivered for the sums available. The LCS program has changed its fundamental acquisition plan 4 times since 2. Now, the program looks set to end early. This public- access FOCUS article offer a wealth of research material, alongside looks at the LCS program’s designs, industry teams procurement plans, military controversies, budgets and contracts. LCS: Concept & Needs. LCS- I missions(click to view full)Ultimately, the US Navy is trying to replace 5. FFG- 7 Oliver Hazard Perry Class frigates, 1. MCM Avenger Class mine countermeasures vessels, and 1. MHC- 5. 1 Osprey Class coastal mine hunters. The LCS requirement has been identified as part of a broader surface combatant force transformation strategy, which recognizes that many future threats are spawning in regions with shallow seas, where the ability to operate near- shore and even in rivers will be vital for mission success. The English version offers selected articles from. That requires the ability to counter growing “asymmetric” threats like coastal mines, quiet diesel submarines, global piracy, and terrorists on small fast attack boats. It also requires intelligence gathering and scouting, some ground combat support capabilities, and the ability to act as a local command node, sharing tactical information with other Navy aircraft, ships, submarines, and joint units. At the same time, however, the US Navy needs ships that can act as low- end fillers in other traditional fleet roles, and operate in the presence of missile- armed enemy vessels and/or aerial threats. Given the diversity of possible missions in the shallow- water and near- shore littoral zones, and the potential threats from forces on land, any ship designed for these tasks must be both versatile and stealthy. History also suggests that they need to be able to take a punch. Meanwhile, the reality of ships that are expected to remain in service for over 3. As the saga of the USA’s cost- effective but short- lived FFG- 7 frigates proved, “future- proofing” and upgradeability for key systems, electronics, and weapons will be critical if these small surface combatants are to remain useful throughout their mechanical lives. While a ship’s hull and design makes a number of its performance parameters difficult to change, the Americans believed they may have a solution that lets them upgrade sensors and key systems. Denmark’s Standard Flex 3. ISO containers. In contrast to the traditional approach, which is to cram a wide- ranging set of bolted- in compromise equipment into fixed installations, “flex ships” can radically changes the ships’ capabilities, by swapping in a full breadth of equipment focused on a particular need. Swappable modules also give the Navy new options over time. One option is technology- based, via spiral development that focuses on rapid insertions of new equipment. This creates a long series of slight improvements in the mission modules, and hence the ship’s capabilities. Over time, the cumulative effect can be very significant. The 2nd benefit is cost- related, since upgrades require far less work and cost to install when mission technologies evolve. The 3rd benefit is risk- related. The ability to do low- cost, spiral upgrades encourages frequent “refreshes” that remain within the existing state of the art, rather than periodic upgrade programs that must stretch what’s possible, in order to handle expected developments over the next 2. LCS: Designs & Teams. There are currently 2 different LCS designs being produced and procured as part of the competition. LCS- 1 Freedom Class Monohull. Team Lockheed Martin’s LCS- 1 Freedom Class offers a proven high- speed semi- planing monohull, based on Fincantieri designs that have set trans- Atlantic speed records. The design will use the firm’s COMBATSS- 2. USS Freedom has faced persistent reports of weight and stability issues, however, which required additional bolt- on buoyancy fittings at its stern. Team Lockheed LCS(click to view full)The ships have a smaller flight deck than the Independence Class at 5,2. The Freedom Class’ LCS mission bay is the biggest difference – it’s under half the size, at 6,5. On the other hand, its RAM missile launcher is the 2. Mk. 4. 9, and if the ships need weapon upgrades, export designs stemming from the Freedom Class mount full strike- length Mk. These can handle any vertically- launched system in the fleet, including SM- 3 anti- ballistic missile interceptors, and Tomahawk long- range precision attack missiles. Lockheed’s core team includes various Lockheed divisions, plus naval architects Gibbs & Cox of Arlington, VA; shipbuilder Bollinger Shipyards of Lockport, LA; and shipbuilder Marinette Marine of Marinette, WI. Niche providers and related partnerships include: Angle Incorporated Argon ST (threat detection systems) Blohm + Voss Data Links Solutions DRS Technologies EADS (TRS- 3. D radar) Fairbanks Morse (Colt- Pielstick PA6. B- STC diesel engines) Fincantieri (diesel generators) Izar (now Navantia) L- 3 Communications MAAG Gear AG Mac. What the Hell Does Anyone Do in the ISS? As I began working on this post, I realized I didn Your personal information and card details are 100% secure. Beginning of dialog content Close Are You Still There? Due to inactivity, you will be signed out of Walgreens.com soon. Please choose to continue your session or sign. Type or paste a DOI name into the text box. Your browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI name. Send questions or comments to doi. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. Foreword; History, Significance, Classification and Growth; Culture and Varieties; Transplant Production; Production Using Plastic Mulch; Irrigation; Physiological. Taggart Scott Raytheon Rolls Royce (MT3. Kamewa waterjets) Sensytech Sperry Terma Unidynamics United Defense, now BAE Systems. LCS- 2 Independence Class Trimaran. USS Independence(click to view full)The LCS- 2 Independence Class offers a futuristic but practical high- speed trimaran, based on Austal designs and experience with vessels like the US Marines’ Westpac Express high- speed transport, and the Army and Navy’s TSV/HSV ships. The ships have a smaller flight deck than the Independence Class at 5,200 square feet, but a larger 4,680 square foot helicopter hangar. Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the. It offers an especially large flight deck (7,3. The hull is aluminum, but the trimaran design offers additional stability options, and may help the ship survive side hits. The Independence Class will carry a General Dynamics designed combat system, and standard LCS weapon fittings. The RAM defensive missile launcher sacrifices some size, but the 1. Sea. RAM is a self- contained unit with its own radar. If the LCS should require a full suite of naval weapons in future, export designs based on the this class tout “tactical- length” vertical launch cells that are limited to shorter weapons like RIM- 1. ESSM and SM- 2 air defense missiles, and VL- ASROC anti- submarine missiles. Not anymore. That alliance was broken by the requirements of the 2. RFP, which demanded a 2nd builder for the designs that was unaffiliated with the first. Austal is now the sole prime contractor for the LCS- 2 Independence Class design. GD subsidiaries remain heavily involved, including General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products Division in Burlington, VT; General Dynamics Electric Boat Division in Groton, CT; General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems in Fairfax, VA; and General Dynamics Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. Other key participants include: Boeing in Seattle, WA BAE Systems in Rockville, MD L3 Communications Marine Systems in Leesburg, VA Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems in Baltimore, MD Maritime Applied Physics Corporation in Baltimore, MD GE (LM 2. MTU (8. 00. 0 Series diesel engines) Saab (AN/SPS- 7. Sea Giraffe AMB radar) Wartsila (water jets)LCS = Standard Equipment + Mission Packages. They might well be classified as frigates, were it not for their shallow water design and employment. For whatever reason, high speed has also been identified as an important ship characteristic. As such, both the GD/Austal trimaran and Lockheed’s racing- derived monohull offer potential top speeds of 4. No matter which mission modules are loaded, the ship will carry a BAE Systems Mk. Mk. 2. 95 ammunition that works against aerial, surface or ground threats. The ship will also carry . Raytheon’s RIM- 1. RAM Rolling Airframe Missile. RAM is designed to handle anti- ship missiles, aircraft, UAVs, helicopters, and even small boats, but its range of just 9 km/ 5 nm will only protect its own ship. Unlike larger missiles such as the RIM- 1. ESSM, RAM systems cannot perform fleet defense. LCS ships will also rely on their onboard MH- 6. MQ- 8. B Fire Scout helicopter UAVs, plus other robotic vehicles including a variety of Unmanned Underwater Vessels (UUV) and Unmanned Surface Vessels (USV). The terms have changed over time, but the US Navy has downgraded the term “mission modules” to mean individual components plus their support equipment. Integrated packages of weapons, sensors, robotic vehicles, and manned platforms that can be switched in and out depending on the ship’s mission are now called “mission packages.” They include all task- related mission modules, onboard aircraft, and their corresponding crew detachments. The ships’ first and most important mission package is not officially listed. It consists of a small but very cross- trained crew. LCSs were intended to operate with a core crew of 4. Each ship has a Blue crew and a Gold crew, which will shift to 3 crews over time that can deploy in 4- month rotations. There are concerns that this is a design weakness, leaving the LCS crew at the edge of its capabilities to just run the ship, with insufficient on- board maintenance capabilities, and too little left over for contingencies such as boarding and search, damage control, illnesses, etc. USS Freedom’s addition of 1. Asian deployment indicates that the US Navy may be about to concede this point, but even with 5. This solution will comprise of detailed step- by- step analysis of the given problem. Send a $2. 0 Amazon e- gift card to pay@express- helpline. Recipient email: pay@express- helpline. You will be able to specify the question on the gift card page Enter your email address and question in the . You will get file within minutes. We apologize for the inconvenience, if you are not satisfied you can use the credit for another question in future. Enter your email address in . Its a common error!
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